The measured potential field data can be considered as the result of the superposition of the anomalies from sources with various depths. Regional anomalies due to the origin of deep structures and RESIDUAL anomalies due to the origin of shallow structures form the long and short parts of the total measured field wavelength, respectively. Therefore, one of the most important steps in the potential field data processing is the regional-RESIDUAL anomalies separation which is used as the basis for inversion and interpretation. The process of separating regional and RESIDUAL anomalies in potential field data is usually performed in the measured or frequency domain. Methods such as moving averaging, polynomial fitting, and minimum curvature are some of the well-known methods in the potential field separation in the measuring domain. Methods that perform the separation process in the frequency domain have superior performance compared to other methods, making them more common and widely used. Methods such as simple wavenumber filtering, matched filters, preferential filters, and Wiener filters are some of the common methods in the frequency domain to separate regional and RESIDUAL anomalies. Various researches have shown that the rank of trajectory matrix obtained from measured potential field data depends on the depth of the ANOMALY source, and the rank of trajectory matrix of the deep sources are lower than that of the shallow sources. In this paper, the spectral analysis of singular values (SSA) was used to reduce the rank of the trajectory matrix obtained from gravity data in order to separate the regional and RESIDUAL anomalies. Based on the theory of the SSA method, the following method was proposed to separate regional and regional anomalies in 2D gravity data. At the first step, the trajectory matrix is calculated from the Henkel matrices obtained from the measured data. Then, the obtained trajectory matrix is decomposed to eigen triples by employing the SVD and the eigenimages of it are calculated. The optimal value of rank is obtained from the elbow point of the cumulative contribution chart for eigenimages and the trajectory matrix related to regional ANOMALY is constructed using optimal rank. Finally, the separated regional ANOMALY is obtained by averaging along anti-diagonals element of the reconstructed trajectory matrix. The efficiency of the proposed method is investigated on both synthetic and real field data examples. Investigating the relationship between the depth of origin of the ANOMALY and the rank of the trajectory matrix calculated from the measured data showed that there is an inverse relationship between them. The obtained results of synthetic and real data showed that the technique of reducing the rank of the trajectory matrix using SSA can be used as a method of separating anomalies with different depths of origin in potential field data. Also, comparing the results of the proposed method with the results of polynomial fitting and matched filtering methods showed that the proposed method has a better performance in the separation of RESIDUAL and regional anomalies and can produce better results in environments with high geological complexity.

Euler's homogeneity equation for determining the coordinates of the source body especially to estimate the depth (EULDPH) is discussed at this paper. This method is applied to synthetic and high-resolution real data such as gradiometric or microgravity data. Low-quality gravity data especially in the areas with a complex geology structure has rarely been used. The Bouguer gravity anomalies are computed from absolute gravity data after the required corrections. Bouguer ANOMALY is transferred to RESIDUAL gravity ANOMALY. The gravity gradients are estimated from RESIDUAL ANOMALY values. Then by applying the gravity gradients, using EULDPH, the coordinates of the perturbing body will be determined. Two field examples one in the east of Tehran (Mard Abad) where we would like to determine the location of the ANOMALY (hydrocarbon) and another in the south-east of Iran close to the border with Afghanestan (Nosrat Abad) where we are exploring choromit are presented.

To interpret the gravity ANOMALY of a Koromite mine in south - west of Iran, we have used the three dimensional inversion problems. The method introduced by Last and Kubik (1983) and improved by Lewi (1997) for high precision gravity data has been tested to determine the 3-dimensional form of the ANOMALY. The results of the inversion process have been approved by exploration drill holes in the area recently.

Earnings-based ANOMALY, known as post-earnings announcement drift, could be regarded as delayed price response to earnings information that results in earning abnormal returns. The accrual ANOMALY refers to the fact that the current level of accruals is negatively related to abnormal returns over the following year, which may result in earning abnormal returns. These two anomalies appear to be related closely in the sense that accruals could be regarded as the primary component contributing to earnings. The aim of this study is to examine these two anomalies in the Iranian capital market, and to explain the relationship between them.In this study a sample of 560 firm-years from the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period of 1388-1391 has been considered. The results show that earnings-based ANOMALY is different from accrual ANOMALY. Also, a hedge portfolio trading strategy that takes both forms of market mispricing, generates abnormal returns higher than those based on only unexpected earnings or accruals information.

Gravity and its usage in gravity interpretation is still a challenging field. It is not easy to compute these gradients especially in the case of noisy data. Analytical signal is one of the new methods that uses gravity gradients to locate the perturbing body. This method had already been used for high-resolution magnetic and gravity data and rarely used for low-quality gravity data. The gravity gradients and analytical signal have been applied in two different areas, Zahedan where we are looking for Choromite anomalies and Tehran (Mard Abad) where we are investigating for low density ANOMALY, Probably hydrocarbon.

The second trimester scan is the most important sonographic evaluation during pregnancy. The second trimester ultrasound examination is not only for confirming gestational age but also it provides an ideal opportunity for assessing fetal anatomy and therefore structural normality. In addition, assessment of placental position and morphology, amniotic fluid volume, number of fetuses, evaluation of soft markers for chromosomal defects and the comparative interpretation of various measurements are all important pointers to potential problems. This examination is commonly referred to as a „routine second trimester ANOMALY scan‟. The optimal time at which to offer the routine ANOMALY scan is the earliest gestation at which the necessary measurements and a full fetal anatomy survey can be performed and the latest gestation at which an acceptable range of options can be offered to the parents if an abnormality is detected. Although the measurements required to date the pregnancy accurately can be taken after 15 weeks of gestation, and most of the fetal anatomy can be evaluated at 18–20 weeks, the optimal time for examination of fetal heart can be provided at 23-28 weeks. It is recommend that the routine ANOMALY scan is performed between 20 and 24 weeks but we recommend ANOMALY scan to be done before 20 weeks (18-20 weeks) in Iran as we have limitation for legal termination if needed. Although it is necessary to examine the entire fetus and other uterine contents in detail, it is not always feasible to do this in the order suggested. It is suggested that the measurements are always carried out early in the examination so that they are not forgotten. It is not reasonable to expect all structural fetal abnormalities amenable to ultrasound detection to be diagnosed at a routine second trimester ANOMALY scan. Though if the approach is systematic then no major structural abnormality should be missed. However there are several examples from anomalies such as microcephaly which might be missed in second trimester scan if there is no serial examination. In the majority of normal pregnancies, measurement of the biparietal diameter (BPD) and femur length (FL) provide the most accurate assessment of gestational age in the second trimester. It is recommended that measurements of the head circumference (HC), transcerebellar diameter (TCD) and abdominal circumference (AC) are also undertaken. They provide further confirmation of gestational age and aid in the exclusion of growth related abnormalities and spina bifida. In addition, their inclusion encourages a systematic examination of the whole fetus. An ultrasound examination is in the unique position of being both a screening test and a diagnostic test for fetal anomalies. Its clinical value is directly dependent on the skills of the sonographer, first, in obtaining the correct images for evaluation and measurement and, second, in the correct interpretation in each specific and unique clinical situation. Such examinations must only be performed by individuals who have undergone a supervised period of training that enables them to identify and distinguish between the range of normal findings, findings of uncertain significance and abnormalities at varying stages of gestation.

Potential field anomalies are usually superposed large-scale structures and small-scale structures anomalies. Separation of these two categories of anomalies is the most important step in the data interpretation. Different methods have been introduced for these types of works, but most of them are the semi-automatic methods. In this paper, empirical mode decomposition method is used to differentiate regional and RESIDUAL anomalies. This automatic method is based on extraction of the intrinsic oscillatory modes of data. Efficiency of this method is investigated on both synthetic and real data acquired on Tromspberg area of South Africa. Different results show that this technique have higher accuracy than conventional methods like as polynomial fitting.

A great deal of attention has been paid to quantitative interpretation in recent years Two methods, namely the analytic signal an4 the Euler deconvolution (EULDPH) were discussed in this paper. After a short review on the mathematical bases of the methods. two field examples were used to examine the efficiency and limits of the methods when they are applied on a complex geology structure. These methods have already been applied to synthetic models and high - resolution data such as gradiometeric or microgravity data. Noisy gravity data especially in areas of complex geology has rarely been used by these methods and the field examples are exceptions. The low- resolution gravity data was used to provide with RESIDUAL anomalies. Gravity gradients were generated ftom the RESIDUAL ANOMALY values. Then applying the gravity gradients to the analytic signal and EULDPH methods. we determine the coordinates of a perturbing body in the field of data. Two field examples, one in the west of Tehran (Mardabad) and another in the southwest of Iran are considered. In the first field we were to determine the location of a hydrocarbon density ANOMALY. In the second field, we were to determine a Choromit ANOMALY.

Purpose: To report a new and rare kind of lens ANOMALY. Patients and findings: Two sisters were referred for poor vision, the older in 1997 and the younger in 1999. Ophthalmologic findings were similar in both cases. There was anisometric hyperopic amblyopia, worse in the left eyes. On slitlamp examination, lens fibers were abnormally arranged with absent Y sutures. The fibers were arranged in a biconcave manner instead of biconvex. Lens thickness was reduced in both cases and in the older sibling, posterior subcapsular cataract formation was visible in the left eye. Fellow eyes were not different regrading axial length and keratometry. Conclusion: Defects in arrangement of lens fibers can cause changes in refractive power of the eye. The refractive power of lens is dependent on anterior and posterior interfaces, arrangement of lens fibers, and thickness of lens.